



New Chef, Park
: “Koreanness” with Full of Non-Koreanness
By Ye-mok Jeon[1]
This propaganda poster portrays an imaginary situation when former Korean President Park Chung-hee become a chef at a Canteen[2]โs Korean Cuisine vendor of Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore. Although the vendorโs menu provides โauthenticโ Korean dishes for customers, the stall also sells field rations, Manchurian dishes, Japanese dishes as well as Korean dishes. Those dishes are far from authentic Korean dishes. Bibimbap is a Korean food but Guobaorou (้ ๅ ่, Northeast Chinese cuisine) and sushi (ใใ, Japanese cuisine) are not Korean food. Furthermore, Park said, through a speech bubble, โDo not ask me why I can cook exotic food,โ implying that he wants to hide his background regarding his ability to cook exotic dishes.
The main message of the poster is to indicate the irony of President Parkโs regime through metaphors in the poster. Park was eager to spread nationalist sentiments to achieve economic success and purge communists. Paradoxically, his background was, to some degree, far from a true โKoreanness.โ This irony can be explained by several studies.
First, President Park received the legacy of Manchukuo. He was once a soldier of the Kwantung Army, a segment of the Japanese Imperial Army in Manchuria. Michael Robinson points out that Parkโs experiences in the Japanese military affected โParkโs nationalist visionโ and โmassive mobilization campaigns,โ[3] which are especially true in the case where Park urged the Korean labor force to work hard.[4] In addition, Suk-Jung Han argues that Parkโs experiences in Manchuria as a cadet deeply affected his way of governance in South Korea.[5] For example, Han reveals similarities between Manchukuo and South Korea: How the two regimes used Confucianism as a fundamental rule for governance; how gymnastics played a political as jaegun in South Korea and as jianguo in Manchukuo.[6] Second, while modernizing and industrializing South Korea, Park also demonstrated Japanese ideologies. Park and his technocrats assumed nationalist qualities under the banner of โthe โKorean Way (Hanโguksik)โ development,[7]โ which is related to Japanese ideas and methods of industrialization in 1930s.[8]
Moreover, many symbols are carefully arranged in the poster to represent the above-mentioned irony. First, Parkโs military experiences in Manchu and Japan were depicted as Parkโs ability to cook a Manchurian dish (Guobaorou), a Japanese dish (sushi), and field rations. This menu demonstrates the irony of the โKorean Way,โ which was proclaimed by Parkโs regime. The reason for this is that Parkโs โKorean Wayโ consists of non-Korean parts. In other words, his โKoreannessโ was inundated with non-Koreanness. Other figurative images continue to support the irony. The image of Parkโs job as a chef implies that he is the leader of South Korea and the list of his menu means his style of governance in South Korea.
Next, Parkโs remark in the poster also reflects his other ironic situation. As Park was not able to be proud of what he did in the past, he did not want to reply to the question: Why can he cook foreign dishes? His message in the speech bubble means that Park continuously endeavored to conceal his record on joining Japanese troops and participating in communist activities which contradicted his โKorean Wayโ and nationalism.
Lastly, the color combination of the poster is also relevant to the irony, inspired by the national flag of Manchukuo whose colors are matched with five races in the nation and are related to Manchukuoโs slogan, Five Races Under One Union (ไบๆๅๅ). The background color is yellow which is the same as that of Manchukuoโs flag and the color of the posterโs headline is also red and blue which is the same as the first two stripes of Manchukuoโs flag. Also, yellow, red, and black colors correspond to peoples of Japanese, Manchurian, and Korean respectively in the poster as does Manchukuoโs national flag. The color of Park was depicted as a black and white picture because the black color represents Korea in Manchukuoโs national flag. The same color combination between the poster and Manchukuoโs national flag connotes the fact that unrealized Manchukuoโs ideal was, to some extent, realized in South Korea, considering the legacy of Manchukuo in South Korea despite seemingly two countriesโ irrelevance.
[1] This exegesis was submitted as a final term project of the class HH3020, Introduction to Korean History, at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore in 2019. Also, this project was selected as one of the best three essays in the class and displayed at the library of NTU for one month.
[2] Canteen is a name for a food court in Singapore and other Chenese-speaking places.
[3] Michael Edson Robinson, Koreaโs Twentieth-Century Odyssey (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007), 128.
[4] Robinson, Koreaโs Twentieth-Century Odyssey, 134.
[5] Suk-Jung Han, โThose Who Imitated the Colonizers: The Legacy of the Disciplining State from Manchukuo to South Korea,โ in Crossed Histories: Manchuria in the Age of Empire, ed. Mariko Asano Tamanoi (Honolulu: University of Hawaiโi Press, 2005), 168.
[6] Tamanoi, Crossed Histories, 171.
[7] Hyung-A Kim, Koreaโs Development under Park Chung-Hee: Rapid Industrialization, 1961-1979 (London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), 8.
[8] Kim, Korea’s Development under Park Chung-Hee, 178.
๋๋์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์ฐ์ํ์ ๊ฟ
(The Dream of Eugenics Finally Comes True)
2013 ํ์์ธ ์์ธ์ด ์ต์ฐ์์(1๋ฑ)
(The First Prize at Hanyang Best Essay in 2013)
์ ์๋ชฉ(Ye-mok Jeon)
Abstract:
The essay title was “The Dream of Eugenics Finally Comes True.” I satirically describe how “eugenics” materialize in the present because those who are poor do not reproduce for socio-economic reasons. However, the case of the rich is the other way around, and finally the eugenics’ dream comes true.
๊ทธ๋ ์ค๋งํธํฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์ด๋ค. ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ ๊ทธ์ ๋ํด ๋งํ๊ณ ๊ด์ฌ๊ณผ ์ด๋ชฉ์ด ๊ทธ์๊ฒ ์ง์ค๋์ด ์๋ค. ๋จผ์ ๊ทธ๋ ๋๋ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ์กด๊ฒฝํ๋ ๋ช ๋ฌธ๋๋ฅผ ๋์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์์ ๋ด์ฒ๋ผ ํ๊ณ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์์ฃผ ์ด๋ ธ์ ๋ ๋ช ์ต ๋์ ๊ฒฝ์๋ฅ ์ ๋ซ๊ณ ๋์์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ๊ฒฝํ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋ช ๋ฌธ๋์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ ๋ ํฐ ๋์์ด ๋์๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ๊ฒฝ์๊ณผ ๋ณ๋ฐ ๋ค๋ฅด์ง ์์๋ค๋ ๋ญ๋ผ๋. ์ฌ์ค ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋ถ๋ง ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ค. ๊ณต๋ถ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ง์์ด๋ฉด ์ง์, ์ด๋์ด๋ฉด ์ด๋, ์ธ๋ชจ๋ฉด ์ธ๋ชจ, ์ ๋จธ๋ฉด ์ ๋จธ ๋ฌด์ ํ๋๋ผ๋ ๋ค์ฒ์ง์ง ์๋๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์์๋ ์น๊ตฌ๋ค์ด ๋์ณ๋๊ณ ์ฃผ์์ ์ด๋ฅธ, ๋ถ๋ชจ๋, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ง์ฅ ์์ฌ์๊ฒ ํญ์ ์นญ์ฐฌ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ ์์ ์ฃผ์ ์๋์ ์ ์(้ฉ่ ). ๊ทธ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ค๋งํธํฐ ์ธ๊ฐ. ํ๋ฃจํ๋ฃจ ์ง์ธ ๋ด๊ณ ํ์๊ธ ๋์ถ์ ์น์ด ์ฌ๋ ํผ์ณํฐ ์ธ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ ์ฐ์ ๋ ๋ฌผ๋ก ๊ฒฐํผ๋ ํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ทธ๋ ์์ ์ ์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ํ์ธ์๊ฒ ์ ๋ฌํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ ์๋นํ ๋ฐ๋์งํ ์ผ์ด๋ค. ์ฌ์ฃผ ๋ง๊ณ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ ๋ง์ ์ค๋งํธํฐ ์ธ๊ฐ๋ง ๊ฒฐํผํ์ฌ ์์์ ๋ณ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ ๋์ ์ข ์กฑ์ผ๋ก ์งํํ ๊ฒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋ ๋ฐ๊ฐ์ด ์ฌ์ค์ ์ด๋ฐ ํ์์ด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ๊ตญํ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์์์, ์ ๋ฝ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฐ๋ฆด ๊ฒ ์๋ค. ์ธ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ ํผ์ณํฐ ์ธ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ฎ์ ์คํ ํ์ ์ทจ์ง์ ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ์ทจ์ง์ ํ๊ธด ํ๋๋ผ๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๋น์ ๊ท์ง์ด๋ค. ๊ณ ์ฉ์ ์ ์ฐ์ฑ์ ์ค์์ํ๋ ์๋์ ์์ฒญ์ ๋ถ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ผํ์ฉํ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฝํ๊ณ ๋ง๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ํผ์ณํฐ๋ค์ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ์ฌ๋ผ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด์ ์๋ ์ฐ์ํ์ ๋ ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์์๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค. ๋์น ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ์์๋ ์ฐ์ํ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ก ํ ์ ์ฑ ์ ์คํํ์๋ค. ๋น์ ์ ๋ถ๋ ์ฅ์ ๋ ์ ์ ํ์ ์ง๋ณ์ด ์๋ ํผ์ณํฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์๊ฒ ๋จ์ข ๋ช ๋ น์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ ์ ์๊ฐ ํ์ธ์ ์ ๋ฌ๋์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ธ๋ฅ ์งํ์ ๋์๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ง๋ง ์ด๋์ ์ฐ์ํ์ ์จ๊ฐ ์ก๋คํ ์ธ๊ฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋นํ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฉธํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ด๋ฒ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅด๋ค. ์ง๊ธ์ ์ด๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ ์ ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฑํ ์ธ๊ฐ์๊ฒ ๊ฒฐํผํ์ฌ ์์์ ๋ณ์ง ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ ์ง์ํ์ง ์๋๋ค. ์คํ๋ ค ํผ์ณํฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์ด ๋จ์ข ์ ์์ฒํ๋ค. ์ฌํ์ ํ์ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ค์๊ฒ ๋จ์ข ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ์์ ์ฅ์ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ง์ ๋จ์ข ์ ์ํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ฏ๋ก ์ ๋ถ์ ์๋ชป์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์์ ๋ฟ์ด๊ณ ์ ํ์ ํผ์ณํฐ ์ธ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ด์ ์ฐ์ํ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์ ์ด์๋ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ์ ํ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋์ง ์๋๋ค.
ํ์ง๋ง ์ ๊ธฐํ๊ฒ๋ ์ค๋งํธํฐ ์ธ๊ฐ ์ฌํ ๋ด์๋ ์์ด์ด ์๋ค. ์ฆ, ์ค๋งํธํฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํด์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ ์ค๋งํธํฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ ์๋๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ค๋งํธํฐ ์ฌํ ๋ด์๋ ๋ช ๋ฌธ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ด ์๋๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ค ๋ํ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ฐค๋ญ์ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์์ดํฐ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ์ชฝ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ ์ถ์ ๋ค์ ์ค๋งํธํฐ ๊ณ๊ธ์ด ๋๊ฐ ์/์ธ์์ด๊ฑฐ๋ ์๋ฐ ๊ณ๊ธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์๋ ๋ค์ ์ด๋ฑํ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ด ์๋๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฒ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ‘๋ฒ ๋ ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ’์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ ค์ง๋๋ฐ, ๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์ฐ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฉ์ฑํ ๋ง๋ก ๋งค์ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์ธ ๋จ์ด์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ณผ ๋ ๋ฒ ๋ ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ์ ํผ์ณํฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ฝํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋ํํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ์ค๋งํธํฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ํผ์ณํฐ ์ธ๊ฐํ ์ฌ์ดํด์ด ๊ณ์ ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ค๋ฉด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์๋๋ก ์งํ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋๋์ด ์ฐ์ํ์ ๊ฟ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด ์ง ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.